Infections and inequalities: anemia in AIDS, the disadvantages of poverty.

OBJECTIVE: To study anemia in AIDS patients and its relation with socioeconomic, employment status and educational levels. METHODS: A total number of 442 patients who visited the Infectious Diseases University Hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina were included in the study. Patients were dividied into two groups, i.e. one with anemia and the other without anemia. Anemia epidemiology and its relationship with educational level, housing, job situation, monthly income, total daily caloric intake and weekly intake of meat were evaluated. RESULTS: Anemia was found in 228 patients (54%). Comparing patients with or without anemia, a statistically significant difference was found (P<0.000 1) in those whose highest educational level reached was primary school, who lived in a precarious home, who had no stable job or were unable to work, whose income was less than 30 dollars per month, whose meat consumption was less than twice a week or received less than 8 000 calories per day. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of anemia found in poor patients with AIDS suggests that poverty increases the risk to suffer from this hematological complication. The relationship between economic development policies and AIDS is complex. Our results seem to point to the fact that AIDS epidemic may affect economic development and in turn be affected by it. If we consider that AIDS affects the economically active adult population, despite recent medical progress it usually brings about fatal consequences, especially within the poorest sectors of society where the disease reduces the average life expectancy, increases health care demand and tends to exacerbate poverty and iniquity.

Infections and inequalities:anemia in AIDS, the disadvantages of poverty

Objective:To study anemia in AIDS patients and its relation with socioeconomic, employment status and educational levels. Methods:A total number of 442 patients who visited the Infectious Diseases University Hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina were included in the study. Patients were dividied into two groups, i.e. one with anemia and the other without anemia. Anemia epidemiology and its relationship with educational level, housing, job situation, monthly income, total daily caloric intake and weekly intake of meat were evaluated. Results: Anemia was found in 228 patients (54%). Comparing patients with or without anemia, a statistically significant difference was found (P<0.000 1) in those whose highest educational level reached was primary school, who lived in a precarious home, who had no stable job or were unable to work, whose income was less than 30 dollars per month, whose meat consumption was less than twice a week or received less than 8 000 calories per day. Conclusions:The high prevalence of anemia found in poor patients with AIDS suggests that poverty increases the risk to suffer from this hematological complication. The relationship between economic development policies and AIDS is complex. Our results seem to point to the fact that AIDS epidemic may affect economic development and in turn be affected by it. If we consider that AIDS affects the economically active adult population, despite recent medical progress it usually brings about fatal consequences, especially within the poorest sectors of society where the disease reduces the average life expectancy, increases health care demand and tends to exacerbate poverty and iniquity.

A case report of cutaneous larva migrans in Argentina.

Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) represents the most common tropically acquired dermatosis. CLM is caused by infection with hookworm larvae in tropical and sub-tropical areas, and people who have a history of foreign travel and of walking barefoot on sandy soil or beaches are at a high risk of getting infected with it. The diagnosis is usually made on the basis of the typical appearance of the lesion, intense itching and history of foreign travel. CLM is a common parasitic skin disease that can be easily prevented by wearing 'protective' footwear. A case of CLM is described in this article.

Dengue y fiebre hemorrágica dengue: su historia y su resurgimiento como problema de salud pública global: progresos y desafíos / Dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever: its history and resurgence as a global public health problem: progress and challenges

El primer brote conocido de epidemias de dengue o enfermedad símil dengue ocurrió en 1779 y 1780 en Egipto e Indonesia y en 1780 en los EE.UU (Filadelfia). Está claro que el dengue y otros arbovirus con ecología similar han tenido una distribución extensa en zonas tropicales en los últimos 200 años. Históricamente, Asia ha sido el érea de endemicidad más alto, con los cuatro serotipos del virus dengue circulando en los grandes centros urbanos de la mayoría de los países...La Fiebre Hemorrágica por Dengue (FHD) y el Síndrome de Choque por Dengue (SCD), son las manifestaciones severas y/o fatales de la fiebre por dengue. Las epidemias de FHD/SCD ocurren sobre todo en países del sudeste asiático, donde afectan principalmente a los niños y se asocian con altas tasas de letalidad. El advenimiento del transporte aéreo comercial del jet en los años '60 promovió el mecanismo ideal para que el virus del dengue fuera transportado por las personas que habian visitado áreas endémicas y viajaban durante el período de incubación. La incidencia de dengue ha aumentado marcadamente desde los años '60, primero en Asia, luego en el Pacífico y las Américas y finalmente en Africa. Es notorio la mayor parte del mundo tropical, con una población estimada de 2,5 mil millones, está en peligro de la infección dengue...El uso de larvicidas y de insecticidas durante brotes tiene algunas limitaciones. Los esfuerzos ahora se están centrando en la educación sanitaria y la participación de la comunidad en un intento por controlar los vectores eliminando o reducienddo los sitios de cría. En la ausencia de una vacuna para protegerse de la infección dengue, la prevención y la contención de los brotes del dengue requerirán un control del vector con eficacia a largo plazo, con la participación de la comunidad y la vigilancia epidemiológica agresiva.

The first reported epidemics of dengue or dengue-like disease occurred in 1779 and 1780 in Egypt and Indonesia and in 1780 in the USA (Philadelphia). It is clear that dengue and other arboviruses with similar ecology had a widespread distribution in the tropics as long as 200 years ago. Historically, Asia has been the area of highest endemicity, with all four dengue serotypes circulating in the large urban centres in most countries... Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) and Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS) are the severe and/or fatal clinical manifestations of dengue fever. Epidemics of DHF/DSS occur mainly in the southeast Asian countries where children are seriously affected and high case-fatality ratio is annually reported. The advent of commercial jet air transport in the 1960s promoted the ideal mechanism for the carriage of dengue virus by persons who had visited endemic areas and were travelling during the incubation period. The incidence of dengue infection has increased markedly since the 1960s, first in Asia then in the Pacific and Americas and finally in Africa. It appears that most of the tropical world, with an estimated population of 2.5 billion, is at risk of infection with dengue...The use of larvicides and insecticides during aoutbreaks has some limitations. Efforts are now focusing on health education and community participation in an attempt to control the vector(s) by eliminating or reducing the breeding sites. In the absence of a dengue vaccine for public health use at present, prevention and containment of dengue autbreaks will require an effective long-term vector control with community participation and aggressive epidemiological surveillance.

Dengue y fiebre hemorrágica dengue: su historia y su resurgimiento como problema de salud pública global: progresos y desafíos / Dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever: its history and resurgence as a global public health problem: progress and challenges

El primer brote conocido de epidemias de dengue o enfermedad símil dengue ocurrió en 1779 y 1780 en Egipto e Indonesia y en 1780 en los EE.UU (Filadelfia). Está claro que el dengue y otros arbovirus con ecología similar han tenido una distribución extensa en zonas tropicales en los últimos 200 años. Históricamente, Asia ha sido el érea de endemicidad más alto, con los cuatro serotipos del virus dengue circulando en los grandes centros urbanos de la mayoría de los países...La Fiebre Hemorrágica por Dengue (FHD) y el Síndrome de Choque por Dengue (SCD), son las manifestaciones severas y/o fatales de la fiebre por dengue. Las epidemias de FHD/SCD ocurren sobre todo en países del sudeste asiático, donde afectan principalmente a los niños y se asocian con altas tasas de letalidad. El advenimiento del transporte aéreo comercial del jet en los años 60 promovió el mecanismo ideal para que el virus del dengue fuera transportado por las personas que habian visitado áreas endémicas y viajaban durante el período de incubación. La incidencia de dengue ha aumentado marcadamente desde los años 60, primero en Asia, luego en el Pacífico y las Américas y finalmente en Africa. Es notorio la mayor parte del mundo tropical, con una población estimada de 2,5 mil millones, está en peligro de la infección dengue...El uso de larvicidas y de insecticidas durante brotes tiene algunas limitaciones. Los esfuerzos ahora se están centrando en la educación sanitaria y la participación de la comunidad en un intento por controlar los vectores eliminando o reducienddo los sitios de cría. En la ausencia de una vacuna para protegerse de la infección dengue, la prevención y la contención de los brotes del dengue requerirán un control del vector con eficacia a largo plazo, con la participación de la comunidad y la vigilancia epidemiológica agresiva.(AU)

The first reported epidemics of dengue or dengue-like disease occurred in 1779 and 1780 in Egypt and Indonesia and in 1780 in the USA (Philadelphia). It is clear that dengue and other arboviruses with similar ecology had a widespread distribution in the tropics as long as 200 years ago. Historically, Asia has been the area of highest endemicity, with all four dengue serotypes circulating in the large urban centres in most countries... Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) and Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS) are the severe and/or fatal clinical manifestations of dengue fever. Epidemics of DHF/DSS occur mainly in the southeast Asian countries where children are seriously affected and high case-fatality ratio is annually reported. The advent of commercial jet air transport in the 1960s promoted the ideal mechanism for the carriage of dengue virus by persons who had visited endemic areas and were travelling during the incubation period. The incidence of dengue infection has increased markedly since the 1960s, first in Asia then in the Pacific and Americas and finally in Africa. It appears that most of the tropical world, with an estimated population of 2.5 billion, is at risk of infection with dengue...The use of larvicides and insecticides during aoutbreaks has some limitations. Efforts are now focusing on health education and community participation in an attempt to control the vector(s) by eliminating or reducing the breeding sites. In the absence of a dengue vaccine for public health use at present, prevention and containment of dengue autbreaks will require an effective long-term vector control with community participation and aggressive epidemiological surveillance.(AU)

Participación comunitaria en la prevención y el control del dengue: una enfermedad tropical urbana desatendida / Community participation in dengue prevention and control: an urban neglected tropical disease

La fiebre de dengue es causada por un Flavivirus, y diseminada por la mordedura del mosquito A. aegypti. El dengue no es generalmente fatal, pero la infección con uno de cuatro serotipos puede aumentar la susceptibilidad posterior a otros serotipos, dando por resultado la fiebre hemorrágica dengue altamente peligrosa (DHF) o síndrome shock dengue. WHO estima que 2.5 mil billones de personas, dos quintos de la población mundial, está ahora en peligro de dengue y que puede haber unos 50 millones de casos de infección alrededor del mundo cada año. La prevención por lo tanto sigue siendo el esfuerzo dominante para detener el aumento constante en esta enfermedad, que actualmente causa alrededor de 24.000 muertes cada año...

Dengue fever is also caused by a Flavivirus, and is spread by the bite of the A. aegypti mosquito. Dengue fever is not usually fatal, but infection with one of four serotypes can increase later susceptibility to other serotypes, resulting in dengue shock syndrome. The WHO says some 2,5 billion people, two fifths of the world's population, are now at risk cases of dengue infection worldwide every year. Prevention therefore remains key to efforts to stop the stedy increase seen in this disease, which now causes around 24.000 deaths every year...

Participación comunitaria en la prevención y el control del dengue: una enfermedad tropical urbana desatendida / Community participation in dengue prevention and control: an urban neglected tropical disease

La fiebre de dengue es causada por un Flavivirus, y diseminada por la mordedura del mosquito A. aegypti. El dengue no es generalmente fatal, pero la infección con uno de cuatro serotipos puede aumentar la susceptibilidad posterior a otros serotipos, dando por resultado la fiebre hemorrágica dengue altamente peligrosa (DHF) o síndrome shock dengue. WHO estima que 2.5 mil billones de personas, dos quintos de la población mundial, está ahora en peligro de dengue y que puede haber unos 50 millones de casos de infección alrededor del mundo cada año. La prevención por lo tanto sigue siendo el esfuerzo dominante para detener el aumento constante en esta enfermedad, que actualmente causa alrededor de 24.000 muertes cada año...(AU)

Dengue fever is also caused by a Flavivirus, and is spread by the bite of the A. aegypti mosquito. Dengue fever is not usually fatal, but infection with one of four serotypes can increase later susceptibility to other serotypes, resulting in dengue shock syndrome. The WHO says some 2,5 billion people, two fifths of the worlds population, are now at risk cases of dengue infection worldwide every year. Prevention therefore remains key to efforts to stop the stedy increase seen in this disease, which now causes around 24.000 deaths every year...(AU)

Epidemiología de las infecciones por Yersinia enterocolítica / Aspects of the epidemiology of Yersinia enterocolitica: a review

Los brotes recientes de enfermedades transmitidas por los alimentos asociados a Salmonella, Listeria y Yersinia han destacado la importancia del conocimiento de los riesgos microbriológicos a que se expone la población por el consumo de estos alimentos contaminados. Tales brotes afirman la necesiad de mejorar los métodos de detección, del control del medio ambiente y de la vigilancia epidemiológica... Durante la década pasada, numerosos métodos basados en la detección del ADN bacteriano, tales como la PCR o las pruebas de hibridación, han demostrado superioridad por su mayor sensibilidad que supera por lejos la de los medios de cultivos convencionales. Una PCR en tiempo real es un método rápido y específico para la detección de Y. enterocolítica en diferentes muestras, proporcionando una alternativa superior a los métodos de detección actualmente disponibles. Esto permitiría identificar eficientemente los alimentos peligrosos debido a la contaminación con Y. enterocolítica.

Recent outbreaks of foodborne disease linked to Salmonella, Listeria, and Yersinia have highlighted consumer awarenss of microbiological problems in the food supply. Such outbreaks affirm the need form improved testing, environmental monitoring, and epidemiological surveillance. In the case of Yersinia, this bacterium's role as a newly emerged foodborne pathogen is discussed... During the las decade, numerous DNA-based methods, such as PCR and colony hybridization assays, have been designed to detect pathogenic Y. enterocolítica in natural samples more rapidly and with better sensitivity than can be achieved by culture methods. A rapid and specific real-time PCR method for the detection of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica bacteria in natural samples, provides a superior alternative to the corrently available detection methods and makes it possible to identify the foods at risk for Y. enterocolitica contamination.

Epidemiología de las infecciones por Yersinia enterocolítica / Aspects of the epidemiology of Yersinia enterocolitica: a review

Los brotes recientes de enfermedades transmitidas por los alimentos asociados a Salmonella, Listeria y Yersinia han destacado la importancia del conocimiento de los riesgos microbriológicos a que se expone la población por el consumo de estos alimentos contaminados. Tales brotes afirman la necesiad de mejorar los métodos de detección, del control del medio ambiente y de la vigilancia epidemiológica... Durante la década pasada, numerosos métodos basados en la detección del ADN bacteriano, tales como la PCR o las pruebas de hibridación, han demostrado superioridad por su mayor sensibilidad que supera por lejos la de los medios de cultivos convencionales. Una PCR en tiempo real es un método rápido y específico para la detección de Y. enterocolítica en diferentes muestras, proporcionando una alternativa superior a los métodos de detección actualmente disponibles. Esto permitiría identificar eficientemente los alimentos peligrosos debido a la contaminación con Y. enterocolítica.(AU)

Recent outbreaks of foodborne disease linked to Salmonella, Listeria, and Yersinia have highlighted consumer awarenss of microbiological problems in the food supply. Such outbreaks affirm the need form improved testing, environmental monitoring, and epidemiological surveillance. In the case of Yersinia, this bacteriums role as a newly emerged foodborne pathogen is discussed... During the las decade, numerous DNA-based methods, such as PCR and colony hybridization assays, have been designed to detect pathogenic Y. enterocolítica in natural samples more rapidly and with better sensitivity than can be achieved by culture methods. A rapid and specific real-time PCR method for the detection of pathogenic Y. enterocolitica bacteria in natural samples, provides a superior alternative to the corrently available detection methods and makes it possible to identify the foods at risk for Y. enterocolitica contamination.(AU)

Seguridad de los alimentos irradiados / Safety of irradiated foods

La incidencia de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos causadas por varios microorganismos patógenos es un problema significativo en todo el mundo. Tolerancia cero a la contaminación bacteriana implica considerar la inclusión de "la radiación en la mesa". El proceso de irradiar los alimentos podría tener una contribución significativa en el control de las enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos.

The incidence of foodborne disease caused by several pathogens remains a significant problem worldwide. Zero tolerance to bacterial contamination means considering the inclusion of "radiation on the table". The process of food irradiation could make a significant contribution in the control of such diseases.

Seguridad de los alimentos irradiados / Safety of irradiated foods

La incidencia de enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos causadas por varios microorganismos patógenos es un problema significativo en todo el mundo. Tolerancia cero a la contaminación bacteriana implica considerar la inclusión de "la radiación en la mesa". El proceso de irradiar los alimentos podría tener una contribución significativa en el control de las enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos.(AU)

The incidence of foodborne disease caused by several pathogens remains a significant problem worldwide. Zero tolerance to bacterial contamination means considering the inclusion of "radiation on the table". The process of food irradiation could make a significant contribution in the control of such diseases.(AU)